13 Aralık 2011 Salı
The Singularity of Mind
“Mein Sohn! Tue das, was in (deinem) Herzen (ist)”
“My son! Do what in your heart is.”
Cognition exists as the processes of division or unision. The difficulty of the unknown is divided to its parts and a solution turns out to knowledge when united with the existing solutions.
Mind exists abstractly as a complex system of functional abilities of the brain. When the brain is faced with a difficulty it divides itself to different compartments. Infact, in the beginning of self, when a two year old child is faced with the difficulty of speaking, he/she chooses inevitably to identify self. Speaking forces the use of ‘I’ hence dividing the world as others and ‘self’. Camın Ötesine Geçmek(http://alirizasaral.blogspot.com/2008/12/camin-tesine-gemek.html)
The child mind’s skill of dividing self to face difficulties continues in the rest of the life. We develop many subpersonalities to handle the difficulties of various contexts that we live in our daily life, father/mother, family relations, job relations, neighbors, friend circles, professional expertises etc.
Through all the divisions that mind undergoes, one thing remains constant, self-consciousness. Individual percieves self as a single person that he knows as. Sometimes we feel ashamed or we can not associate what we do with what we feel ourselves as but still the reference to the self remains constant. OR sometimes we do things that we accept we do not expect to achive by ourselves.
One reason that causes the sense of constant self-perception is the basic education and the cultural tendency of the society at that period of time. I believe, the Turkish society is still living a predominantly romantic period and this is effecting the child rear up and the self-perception of the grownups.
Singularity of the human-mind is a wrong perception taught by the society, child bring up, basic education, religion and so on. Infact, research in the last 20 years have physically proved that, for various functions of mind, different sections of brain gets activated.
The below quotation is taken from the sum up section of:
PREFRONTAL AND ANTERIOR CINGULATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO VOLITION IN DEPRESSION
Jack B. Nitschke and Kristen L. Mackiewicz
Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior
Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Wisconsin
It explains how the human volition is implemented by the brain. Two specific and distinct regions interact to achieve the volition function.
“In this chapter, we have outlined two constituent components in the neural circuitry of volition: the DLPFC and the ACC. These structures have distinct roles that contribute to the selection and implementation of action plans.”
DLPFC and ACC’s functions:
“Subserving cognitive control, the DLPFC is involved in the representation and selection of goals and in the implementation of action plans and behavioral change.”
“The ACC has been implicated in monitoring conflict among external and internal cues, with the dorsal ACC modulating cognitive aspects and the ventral ACC more involved in affect.”
Interaction between ACC and DLPFC:
“It plays a central role in signaling and recruiting additional brain regions, particularly the DLPFC, to resolve the conflict and initiate the appropriate action. “
Collective function of both:
“Working in concert, these two key regions form the cornerstones of the neural signature of volition, especially with regard to the implementation of volitional action plans. “
“The cascade of events that occurs allows for the eventual selection of new goal‐directed behaviors that override previously established behavior patterns.”
Our brain is formed of many centers and works like a dynamic complex multiprocessor system. But human mind percieves self as a single unity. Infact, there are some cultural hints that point out to some possibilities of making use of the multiplicity of the brain.
Daisuke YOSHIDA’s book “Die Syntax des althethitischen substantivischen Genitivs” page 5 alludes to
An Anatolian Hittite King’s thousands of years old advise:
“Mein Sohn! Tue das, was in (deinem) Herzen (ist)”
My son! Do what in your heart is.
The seperation of decision processing between two seperate centers, brain and heart clearly resembles the DLPFC and ACC processing...
If throughly studied one can find similar cultural elements in relation to the thinking-processing speed. The brain uses different types of processing for different tasks. For example, things related to safety requires a “clear and unhesitating, calm mind”. This may be related to not only the character of the situation processed but also the specific processing center(s) being used for that task.
An notorious other multiplicity is the emotions and cognition split. When carefully studied one can easily find the strong affects of romantism in the Turkish culture in this area. The tendency to bring up children with a singular mind is reflected in the feel-think duality and the importance of feelings etc...
I believe, in a century with increasing complexity of systems that we use, we are faced with the necessity of changing our education and child bring up systems. We should stop bringing up people who concentrate uncontrollably when faced with emergencies or difficulties. We should stop creating human triggers who can not change what they do once they are trigged. We should train flexible people who can react to big emergencies but return to normal function afterwards in a short while.
We should bring up controllers who can control may be 2-3 times more air traffic using more complex and sophisticated systems.
This is a task much further than that can be achieved with current computer games or action movies.
We are faced with an immense task of changing our education and child bring up system in order to create the modern individual who can percieve his own depths of multiplicity and use the hidden advantages against the terrible risks.
5 Ekim 2011 Çarşamba
Volition at James’s Principles of Psychology
“Will is a Relation Between the Mind and its 'Ideas’ (James, W).”
This is a one page quick reference to ‘volition’ at James’s book “The Principles of Psychology”, 1890. James’s approach to the matter of the subject at the section ‘Will’ is dispalyed with allusions. A three pages relatively extensive reference that I have extracted follows for the interested.
The term ‘mind’[1] is the name used to express the functional abilities of our organ ‘brain’[2]. Mind’s functional abilities can be grouped as ‘cognition[3]’, ‘affection[4]’, ‘conation[5] (volition[6])’.
Cognition deals with logical mathematical and other sorts of knowledge processing including the gathering, storing and handling of it. Affection is about emotions and how we percieve them as feelings.
Volition is the scientific word used for ‘will’. Volition is the power of choosing. The word ‘volition’ has much more implications than its daily counterpart ‘will’. Besides its functional meaning in the mind volition may be mapped to certain parts of the human brain such as PFC-Pre Frontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate.
Every action is preceded by a stimulus or an idea. Feelings may change to a desire to do something and hence form a stimulus. ‘but if we believe that the end is in our power’ namely we have a chance to achieve our goal, ‘we will that the desired feeling, having, or doing shall be real;’ we execute our will and reach our aim as a result.
When the will is not healthy: ‘. The action may follow the stimulus or idea too rapidly, leaving no time for the arousal of restraining associates - we then have a precipitate will . Or, although the associates may come, the ratio which the impulsive and inhibitive forces normally bear to each other may be distorted, and we then have a will which is perverse’. ... Briefly, we may call them respectively the obstructed and the explosive will .
The Explosive Will.
‘There is a normal type of character, for example, in which impulses seem to discharge so promptly into movements that inhibitions get no time to arise.’
‘Exhaustion of nervous energy always lessens the inhibitory power.’
‘'Irritability' is one manifestation of this. Many persons have so small a stock of reserve brain-power - that most valuable of all brain-qualities - that it is soon used up, and you see at once that they lose their power of self-control very soon.’
...
The Obstructed Will.
‘In striking contrast with the cases in which inhibition is insufficient or impulsion in excess are those in which impulsion is insufficient or inhibition of in excess.’
Will is a Relation Between the Mind and its 'Ideas.'
‘... consider the conditions which make ideas prevail in the mind.’
With the prevalence, once there as a fact, of the motive idea the psychology of volition properly stops.’
‘... The willing terminates with the prevalence of the idea; and whether the act then follows or not is a matter quite immaterial, so far as the willing itself goes. I will to write, and the act follows.’
‘We have now brought things to a point at which we see that attention with effort is all that any case of volition implies. The essential achievement of the will, in short, when it is most 'voluntary,' is to ATTEND to a difficult object and hold it fast before the mind . The so-doing is the fiat ; and it is a mere physiological incident that when the object is thus attended to, immediate motor consequences should ensue.’
The Feeling of Effort.
‘... consciousness ... is in its nature impulsive ...(but-ARS) it must be sufficiently intense... ‘
Effort of attention is thus the essential phenomenon of will...
‘ The difficulty is mental; it is that of getting the idea of the wise action to stay before our mind at all.
The strong-willed man, however, is the man who hears the still small voice unflinchingly, and who, when the death-bringing consideration comes, looks at its face, consents to its presence, clings to it, affirms it, and holds it fast, in spite of the host of exciting mental images which rise in revolt against it and would expel it from the mind.’
[1] mind n. 1. The human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested especially in thought, perception, emotion, will, memory, and imagination(Free Dictionary).
[2] brain n.1. a. The portion of the vertebrate central nervous system that is enclosed within the cranium, continuous with the spinal cord, and composed of gray matter and white matter. It is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. It is also the seat of consciousness, thought, memory, and emotion.
[3] cog•ni•tion n. 1. The mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. 2. That which comes to be known, as through perception, reasoning, or intuition; knowledge.
[4] af•fec•tion n.1. A tender feeling toward another; fondness. See Synonyms at love.
2. Feeling or emotion. Often used in the plural: an unbalanced state of affections. 3. A disposition to feel, do, or say; a propensity.
[5] co•na•tion n. Psychology The aspect of mental processes or behavior directed toward action or change and including impulse, desire, volition, and striving.
[6] vo•li•tion n. 1. The act or an instance of making a conscious choice or decision. 2. A conscious choice or decision. 3. The power or faculty of choosing; the will.
James, W, “The Principles of Psychology”, 1890
The Principles of Psychology, by William James
Chapter 261
Will.
Desire, wish, will, are states of mind which everyone knows, and which no definition can make plainer. We desire to feel, to have, to do, all sorts of things which at the moment are not felt, had, or done. If with the desire there goes a sense that attainment is not possible, we simply wish ; but if we believe that the end is in our power, we will that the desired feeling, having, or doing shall be real; and real it presently becomes, either immediately upon the willing or after certain preliminaries have been fulfilled.
The Feeling of Effort.
... consciousness ... is in its nature impulsive ...(but-ARS) it must be sufficiently intense . Now there are remarkable differences in the power of different sorts of consciousness to excite movement. The intensity of some feelings is practically apt to be below the discharging point, whilst that of others is apt to be above it. By practically apt, I mean apt under ordinary circumstances.
...
Healthiness of will moreover requires a certain amount of complication in the process which precedes the fiat or the act. Each stimulus or idea, at the same time that it wakens its own impulse, must arouse other ideas (associated and consequential) with their impulses, and action must follow, neither too slowly nor too rapidly, as the resultant of all the forces thus engaged. Even when the decision is very prompt, there is thus a sort of preliminary survey of the field and a vision of which course is best before the fiat comes. And where the will is healthy, the vision must be right (i.e., the motives must be on the whole in a normal or not too unusual ratio to each other), and the action must obey the vision's lead .
Unhealthiness of will may thus come about in many ways . The action may follow the stimulus or idea too rapidly, leaving no time for the arousal of restraining associates - we then have a precipitate will . Or, although the associates may come, the ratio which the impulsive and inhibitive forces normally bear to each other may be distorted, and we then have a will which is perverse . The perversity, in turn, may be due to either of many causes - too much intensity, or too little, here; too much or too little inertia there; or elsewhere too much or too little inhibitory power. If we compare the outward symptoms of perversity together, they fall into two groups , in one of which normal actions are impossible, and in the other abnormal ones are irrepressible. Briefly, we may call them respectively the obstructed and the explosive will .
It must be kept in mind, however, that since the resultant action is always due to the ratio between the obstructive and the explosive forces which are present, we never can tell by the mere outward symptoms to what elementary cause the perversion of a man's will may be due, whether to an increase of one component or a diminution of the other. One may grow explosive as readily by losing the usual brakes as by getting up more of the impulsive steam; and one may find things impossible as well through the enfeeblement of the original desire as through the advent of new lions in the path. As Dr. Clouston says, "the driver may be so weak that he cannot control well-broken horses, or the horses may be so hard-mouthed that no driver can pull them up." In some concrete cases (whether of explosive or of obstructed will) it is difficult to tell whether the trouble is due to inhibitory or to impulsive change. Generally, however, we can make a plausible guess at the truth.
...
The Explosive Will.
There is a normal type of character, for example, in which impulses seem to discharge so promptly into movements that inhibitions get no time to arise. These are the 'dare-devil' and 'mercurial' temperaments, overflowing with animation, and fizzling with talk, which are so common in the Latin and Celtic races, and with which the cold-blooded and long-headed English character forms so marked a contrast. Monkeys these people seem to us, whilst we seem to them reptilian.
...
But the judicious fellow all the while may have all these possibilities and more besides, ready to break out in the same or even a more violent way, if only the brakes were taken off. It is the absence of scruples, of consequences, of considerations, the extraordinary simplification of each moment's mental outlook, that gives to the explosive individual such motor energy and ease; it need not be the greater intensity of any of his passions, motives, or thoughts.
...
Exhaustion of nervous energy always lessens the inhibitory power.
'Irritability' is one manifestation of this. Many persons have so small a stock of reserve brain-power - that most valuable of all brain-qualities - that it is soon used up, and you see at once that they lose their power of self-control very soon.
...
The Obstructed Will.
In striking contrast with the cases in which inhibition is insufficient or impulsion in excess are those in which impulsion is insufficient or inhibition of in excess.
...
Will is a Relation Between the Mind and its 'Ideas.'
... consider the conditions which make ideas prevail in the mind.
With the prevalence, once there as a fact, of the motive idea the psychology of volition properly stops. ... The willing terminates with the prevalence of the idea; and whether the act then follows or not is a matter quite immaterial, so far as the willing itself goes. I will to write, and the act follows.
We have now brought things to a point at which we see that attention with effort is all that any case of volition implies. The essential achievement of the will, in short, when it is most 'voluntary,' is to ATTEND to a difficult object and hold it fast before the mind . The so-doing is the fiat ; and it is a mere physiological incident that when the object is thus attended to, immediate motor consequences should ensue.
Effort of attention is thus the essential phenomenon of will...
The difficulty is mental; it is that of getting the idea of the wise action to stay before our mind at all.
The strong-willed man, however, is the man who hears the still small voice unflinchingly, and who, when the death-bringing consideration comes, looks at its face, consents to its presence, clings to it, affirms it, and holds it fast, in spite of the host of exciting mental images which rise in revolt against it and would expel it from the mind.
The idea to be consented to must be kept from flickering and going out. It must be held steadily before the mind until it fills the mind. Such filling of the mind by an idea, with its congruous associates, is consent to the idea and to the fact which the idea represents.
...
To sum it all up in a word, the terminus of the psychological process in volition, the point to which the will is directly applied, is always an idea . There are at all times some ideas from which we shy away like frightened horses the moment we get a glimpse of their forbidding profile upon the threshold of our thought. The only resistance which our will can possibly experience is the resistance which such an idea offers to being attended to at all . To attend to it is the volitional act, and the only inward volitional act which we ever perform.
This is a one page quick reference to ‘volition’ at James’s book “The Principles of Psychology”, 1890. James’s approach to the matter of the subject at the section ‘Will’ is dispalyed with allusions. A three pages relatively extensive reference that I have extracted follows for the interested.
The term ‘mind’[1] is the name used to express the functional abilities of our organ ‘brain’[2]. Mind’s functional abilities can be grouped as ‘cognition[3]’, ‘affection[4]’, ‘conation[5] (volition[6])’.
Cognition deals with logical mathematical and other sorts of knowledge processing including the gathering, storing and handling of it. Affection is about emotions and how we percieve them as feelings.
Volition is the scientific word used for ‘will’. Volition is the power of choosing. The word ‘volition’ has much more implications than its daily counterpart ‘will’. Besides its functional meaning in the mind volition may be mapped to certain parts of the human brain such as PFC-Pre Frontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate.
Every action is preceded by a stimulus or an idea. Feelings may change to a desire to do something and hence form a stimulus. ‘but if we believe that the end is in our power’ namely we have a chance to achieve our goal, ‘we will that the desired feeling, having, or doing shall be real;’ we execute our will and reach our aim as a result.
When the will is not healthy: ‘. The action may follow the stimulus or idea too rapidly, leaving no time for the arousal of restraining associates - we then have a precipitate will . Or, although the associates may come, the ratio which the impulsive and inhibitive forces normally bear to each other may be distorted, and we then have a will which is perverse’. ... Briefly, we may call them respectively the obstructed and the explosive will .
The Explosive Will.
‘There is a normal type of character, for example, in which impulses seem to discharge so promptly into movements that inhibitions get no time to arise.’
‘Exhaustion of nervous energy always lessens the inhibitory power.’
‘'Irritability' is one manifestation of this. Many persons have so small a stock of reserve brain-power - that most valuable of all brain-qualities - that it is soon used up, and you see at once that they lose their power of self-control very soon.’
...
The Obstructed Will.
‘In striking contrast with the cases in which inhibition is insufficient or impulsion in excess are those in which impulsion is insufficient or inhibition of in excess.’
Will is a Relation Between the Mind and its 'Ideas.'
‘... consider the conditions which make ideas prevail in the mind.’
With the prevalence, once there as a fact, of the motive idea the psychology of volition properly stops.’
‘... The willing terminates with the prevalence of the idea; and whether the act then follows or not is a matter quite immaterial, so far as the willing itself goes. I will to write, and the act follows.’
‘We have now brought things to a point at which we see that attention with effort is all that any case of volition implies. The essential achievement of the will, in short, when it is most 'voluntary,' is to ATTEND to a difficult object and hold it fast before the mind . The so-doing is the fiat ; and it is a mere physiological incident that when the object is thus attended to, immediate motor consequences should ensue.’
The Feeling of Effort.
‘... consciousness ... is in its nature impulsive ...(but-ARS) it must be sufficiently intense... ‘
Effort of attention is thus the essential phenomenon of will...
‘ The difficulty is mental; it is that of getting the idea of the wise action to stay before our mind at all.
The strong-willed man, however, is the man who hears the still small voice unflinchingly, and who, when the death-bringing consideration comes, looks at its face, consents to its presence, clings to it, affirms it, and holds it fast, in spite of the host of exciting mental images which rise in revolt against it and would expel it from the mind.’
[1] mind n. 1. The human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested especially in thought, perception, emotion, will, memory, and imagination(Free Dictionary).
[2] brain n.1. a. The portion of the vertebrate central nervous system that is enclosed within the cranium, continuous with the spinal cord, and composed of gray matter and white matter. It is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. It is also the seat of consciousness, thought, memory, and emotion.
[3] cog•ni•tion n. 1. The mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. 2. That which comes to be known, as through perception, reasoning, or intuition; knowledge.
[4] af•fec•tion n.1. A tender feeling toward another; fondness. See Synonyms at love.
2. Feeling or emotion. Often used in the plural: an unbalanced state of affections. 3. A disposition to feel, do, or say; a propensity.
[5] co•na•tion n. Psychology The aspect of mental processes or behavior directed toward action or change and including impulse, desire, volition, and striving.
[6] vo•li•tion n. 1. The act or an instance of making a conscious choice or decision. 2. A conscious choice or decision. 3. The power or faculty of choosing; the will.
James, W, “The Principles of Psychology”, 1890
The Principles of Psychology, by William James
Chapter 261
Will.
Desire, wish, will, are states of mind which everyone knows, and which no definition can make plainer. We desire to feel, to have, to do, all sorts of things which at the moment are not felt, had, or done. If with the desire there goes a sense that attainment is not possible, we simply wish ; but if we believe that the end is in our power, we will that the desired feeling, having, or doing shall be real; and real it presently becomes, either immediately upon the willing or after certain preliminaries have been fulfilled.
The Feeling of Effort.
... consciousness ... is in its nature impulsive ...(but-ARS) it must be sufficiently intense . Now there are remarkable differences in the power of different sorts of consciousness to excite movement. The intensity of some feelings is practically apt to be below the discharging point, whilst that of others is apt to be above it. By practically apt, I mean apt under ordinary circumstances.
...
Healthiness of will moreover requires a certain amount of complication in the process which precedes the fiat or the act. Each stimulus or idea, at the same time that it wakens its own impulse, must arouse other ideas (associated and consequential) with their impulses, and action must follow, neither too slowly nor too rapidly, as the resultant of all the forces thus engaged. Even when the decision is very prompt, there is thus a sort of preliminary survey of the field and a vision of which course is best before the fiat comes. And where the will is healthy, the vision must be right (i.e., the motives must be on the whole in a normal or not too unusual ratio to each other), and the action must obey the vision's lead .
Unhealthiness of will may thus come about in many ways . The action may follow the stimulus or idea too rapidly, leaving no time for the arousal of restraining associates - we then have a precipitate will . Or, although the associates may come, the ratio which the impulsive and inhibitive forces normally bear to each other may be distorted, and we then have a will which is perverse . The perversity, in turn, may be due to either of many causes - too much intensity, or too little, here; too much or too little inertia there; or elsewhere too much or too little inhibitory power. If we compare the outward symptoms of perversity together, they fall into two groups , in one of which normal actions are impossible, and in the other abnormal ones are irrepressible. Briefly, we may call them respectively the obstructed and the explosive will .
It must be kept in mind, however, that since the resultant action is always due to the ratio between the obstructive and the explosive forces which are present, we never can tell by the mere outward symptoms to what elementary cause the perversion of a man's will may be due, whether to an increase of one component or a diminution of the other. One may grow explosive as readily by losing the usual brakes as by getting up more of the impulsive steam; and one may find things impossible as well through the enfeeblement of the original desire as through the advent of new lions in the path. As Dr. Clouston says, "the driver may be so weak that he cannot control well-broken horses, or the horses may be so hard-mouthed that no driver can pull them up." In some concrete cases (whether of explosive or of obstructed will) it is difficult to tell whether the trouble is due to inhibitory or to impulsive change. Generally, however, we can make a plausible guess at the truth.
...
The Explosive Will.
There is a normal type of character, for example, in which impulses seem to discharge so promptly into movements that inhibitions get no time to arise. These are the 'dare-devil' and 'mercurial' temperaments, overflowing with animation, and fizzling with talk, which are so common in the Latin and Celtic races, and with which the cold-blooded and long-headed English character forms so marked a contrast. Monkeys these people seem to us, whilst we seem to them reptilian.
...
But the judicious fellow all the while may have all these possibilities and more besides, ready to break out in the same or even a more violent way, if only the brakes were taken off. It is the absence of scruples, of consequences, of considerations, the extraordinary simplification of each moment's mental outlook, that gives to the explosive individual such motor energy and ease; it need not be the greater intensity of any of his passions, motives, or thoughts.
...
Exhaustion of nervous energy always lessens the inhibitory power.
'Irritability' is one manifestation of this. Many persons have so small a stock of reserve brain-power - that most valuable of all brain-qualities - that it is soon used up, and you see at once that they lose their power of self-control very soon.
...
The Obstructed Will.
In striking contrast with the cases in which inhibition is insufficient or impulsion in excess are those in which impulsion is insufficient or inhibition of in excess.
...
Will is a Relation Between the Mind and its 'Ideas.'
... consider the conditions which make ideas prevail in the mind.
With the prevalence, once there as a fact, of the motive idea the psychology of volition properly stops. ... The willing terminates with the prevalence of the idea; and whether the act then follows or not is a matter quite immaterial, so far as the willing itself goes. I will to write, and the act follows.
We have now brought things to a point at which we see that attention with effort is all that any case of volition implies. The essential achievement of the will, in short, when it is most 'voluntary,' is to ATTEND to a difficult object and hold it fast before the mind . The so-doing is the fiat ; and it is a mere physiological incident that when the object is thus attended to, immediate motor consequences should ensue.
Effort of attention is thus the essential phenomenon of will...
The difficulty is mental; it is that of getting the idea of the wise action to stay before our mind at all.
The strong-willed man, however, is the man who hears the still small voice unflinchingly, and who, when the death-bringing consideration comes, looks at its face, consents to its presence, clings to it, affirms it, and holds it fast, in spite of the host of exciting mental images which rise in revolt against it and would expel it from the mind.
The idea to be consented to must be kept from flickering and going out. It must be held steadily before the mind until it fills the mind. Such filling of the mind by an idea, with its congruous associates, is consent to the idea and to the fact which the idea represents.
...
To sum it all up in a word, the terminus of the psychological process in volition, the point to which the will is directly applied, is always an idea . There are at all times some ideas from which we shy away like frightened horses the moment we get a glimpse of their forbidding profile upon the threshold of our thought. The only resistance which our will can possibly experience is the resistance which such an idea offers to being attended to at all . To attend to it is the volitional act, and the only inward volitional act which we ever perform.
14 Ağustos 2011 Pazar
When Symbols Fail
When Symbols Fail
"something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance(merriam-webster)".
A symbol is an abstraction of a thing, a system, a concept, an idea or a belief.
Computer icons, mental models, metaphors, analogies and SYMBOLs all simplify the task of handling the thing they abstract.
Symbol is a small figure, a simple picture when absolute. A simplifying or delegating behaviour, concept, idea when abstract. A head carve tha symbolizes the belief of a woman for example.
A symbol must be very simple to percieve and be able to trigger the abstract or complex thing it signifies.
When symbols fail:
1. When the symbol fails to indicate the true thing it signifies.
El Al cargo plane loses its motor but the captain thinks else because the motor symbol shows OK in the terrible accident at Amsterdam in the past.
2. The symbol oversimplifies or makes things look more simple then they are.
Simple rules that may help to indicate whether you belong to this or that religion may help people to conform easily but the average quality falls and the basic human facts that make religions are forgotten by some. Systems should be difficult to use, difficult enough to bring forth the operators who are mature and who have the aptitude to think in depth when flexibility is needed.
3. Symbols increase design complexity.
Every absraction done in the design adds on the implementation and maintenance work. It is not a virtue to want this or that everything you imagine at the requirements phase. Increased complexity means increased difficulty hence increased risk. It has to be worth.
4. Symbols reduce flexibility both from the point of useability and design creativity.
Introduction of uncertainity at the beginning of a large system provides ample space for later introduction of new elements or redefinition of them, maythis system be a religious belief or a modern fly-by-wire aircraft.
Kind regards.
Ali R+ SARAL
Ora et Labora
20 Temmuz 2011 Çarşamba
The Role of Volition in Emergency Response
The response to an emergency situation may be pressing a brake of a vehicle. Or it may be a complex situation that has to be managed via “Cognitive strategies, such as, tolerating uncertainty, managing workload, planning for contingencies, and self-monitoring (Kontogiannis,1999)”. Emergency response may require the collective effort of a team controlling a dynamic complex system such as an electric or nuclear reactor.
The simplest response of an operator is a well memorized schemata, such as pressing the brake. He does not think about how to press it, this reaction to an emergency is an automatic process. Many drivers do not even remember how they managed to stop and escape from danger in serious accident conditions. They reacted with automatic processes which do not run in the working memory (Baars et al., 2007).
“all mental events are initiated and developed unconsciously. Indeed most mental events are probably completely unconscious(see Velmans, 1991). The chief difference between conscious and unconscious events could be the duration of the processes giving rise to them. If the duration is too brief, the event remains unconscious; it only reaches the awareness level if the duration is sufficiently long (Libet, 2006).”
This means, the faster we do things the more automatic processes we use. When we are doing something if an other thing interferes we try to continue the first job automatically. At first we may continue with attention division, doing two tasks with some attention dedicated to both. If the workload of the second task increases we try to continue the first task with automatic processes, namely using resources out of the working memory.
Automatic processes are fast but not flexible as conscious processes. Pressing the brake is simple, fast and does not require elaboration. Things get more complex when the duration and variety of reactions that make up the emergency response increase. For example, the situation of the road, other cars etc. In any case, a series of automatic processes may have to get mixed with conscious decision etc…
My point of this complete notedepends on:
Emergency response not only requires the execution of automatic processes but also their timely triggering, which has to be automatic.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is done by setting intentions such as : if this happens, do that. There is a condition what to do if that condition is realized. This condition can be anything, time, place, event, feeling… For example, you can teach a child not to cry when she falls down.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is simple teaching, training in the most general sense. More specificly, it is conditioning. You condition the operator, to react specificly under specific conditions.
The problem is: the training cases have to be limited in content and not too complex, because they have to be responded automatically. It is impossible to cover every and each condition that may happen in an emergency case. Automatic processes can not be flexible and adaptive.
Automatic process triggering can be viewed as a specialized memory process. Remembering something requires cues, keys to retrieve data. An automatic process triggering condition is the key to its action. For example, you set the intention that you will remember to buy bread when you come to the corner of your home’s street, then afterwards, you remember it when you come to the corner(Eysenck et al., 1996), provided that your workload and motivation and mental health enables it.
Last but not the least, It is crucial to foster and underpin an other form of volition in regards to this problem:motivation. Motivation supports and sustains every and each cognitive activity. It supports human creativity, serenity, drive anything that may help the operator in trouble. Cognitive flexibility depends on the availability of sufficient motivation.
A due reference to various religious practices may be: fasting which is supposed to be automatic, begins with setting intention. It is done with the first pronoun ‘I’ and using reflective consciousness. It is interesting that human uses self while promising that self is going to abide by the rule when consciously it will not be there…
The beauty of the human mind.
Ali R+ SARAL
Kontogiannis, T. 1999. Training Effective Human Performance in the Management of Stressful Emergencies . COMPUTER SCIENCE, Cognition, Technology & Work, Volume 1, Number 1, 7-24, DOI: 10.1007/s101110050007.
Baars, B. J., Franklin, S. 2007, An architectural model of conscious and unconscious brain functions: Global Workspace Theory and IDA, Elsevier, Neural Networks Journal, Volume 20 Issue 9, November, 2007
Libet, B. 2006, Reflections on the Interaction of Mind and Brain, Elsevier Progress in Neurobiology 78 (2006) 322 – 326.
Eysenck, M. W., Keane M. T. 1996, Cognitive Psychology
The simplest response of an operator is a well memorized schemata, such as pressing the brake. He does not think about how to press it, this reaction to an emergency is an automatic process. Many drivers do not even remember how they managed to stop and escape from danger in serious accident conditions. They reacted with automatic processes which do not run in the working memory (Baars et al., 2007).
“all mental events are initiated and developed unconsciously. Indeed most mental events are probably completely unconscious(see Velmans, 1991). The chief difference between conscious and unconscious events could be the duration of the processes giving rise to them. If the duration is too brief, the event remains unconscious; it only reaches the awareness level if the duration is sufficiently long (Libet, 2006).”
This means, the faster we do things the more automatic processes we use. When we are doing something if an other thing interferes we try to continue the first job automatically. At first we may continue with attention division, doing two tasks with some attention dedicated to both. If the workload of the second task increases we try to continue the first task with automatic processes, namely using resources out of the working memory.
Automatic processes are fast but not flexible as conscious processes. Pressing the brake is simple, fast and does not require elaboration. Things get more complex when the duration and variety of reactions that make up the emergency response increase. For example, the situation of the road, other cars etc. In any case, a series of automatic processes may have to get mixed with conscious decision etc…
My point of this complete notedepends on:
Emergency response not only requires the execution of automatic processes but also their timely triggering, which has to be automatic.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is done by setting intentions such as : if this happens, do that. There is a condition what to do if that condition is realized. This condition can be anything, time, place, event, feeling… For example, you can teach a child not to cry when she falls down.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is simple teaching, training in the most general sense. More specificly, it is conditioning. You condition the operator, to react specificly under specific conditions.
The problem is: the training cases have to be limited in content and not too complex, because they have to be responded automatically. It is impossible to cover every and each condition that may happen in an emergency case. Automatic processes can not be flexible and adaptive.
Automatic process triggering can be viewed as a specialized memory process. Remembering something requires cues, keys to retrieve data. An automatic process triggering condition is the key to its action. For example, you set the intention that you will remember to buy bread when you come to the corner of your home’s street, then afterwards, you remember it when you come to the corner(Eysenck et al., 1996), provided that your workload and motivation and mental health enables it.
Last but not the least, It is crucial to foster and underpin an other form of volition in regards to this problem:motivation. Motivation supports and sustains every and each cognitive activity. It supports human creativity, serenity, drive anything that may help the operator in trouble. Cognitive flexibility depends on the availability of sufficient motivation.
A due reference to various religious practices may be: fasting which is supposed to be automatic, begins with setting intention. It is done with the first pronoun ‘I’ and using reflective consciousness. It is interesting that human uses self while promising that self is going to abide by the rule when consciously it will not be there…
The beauty of the human mind.
Ali R+ SARAL
Kontogiannis, T. 1999. Training Effective Human Performance in the Management of Stressful Emergencies . COMPUTER SCIENCE, Cognition, Technology & Work, Volume 1, Number 1, 7-24, DOI: 10.1007/s101110050007.
Baars, B. J., Franklin, S. 2007, An architectural model of conscious and unconscious brain functions: Global Workspace Theory and IDA, Elsevier, Neural Networks Journal, Volume 20 Issue 9, November, 2007
Libet, B. 2006, Reflections on the Interaction of Mind and Brain, Elsevier Progress in Neurobiology 78 (2006) 322 – 326.
Eysenck, M. W., Keane M. T. 1996, Cognitive Psychology
29 Mayıs 2011 Pazar
The Role of Affections in Decision Making
“many forms of decision making, especially those that involve a high level of risk and uncertainty, involve biases and emotions that act at an implicit level[1].” Experiences and conditioning that has been acquired in critical conditions may contribute to the repetitive triggering of previous correct decisions due to the feelings felt in the body or affections at the same time.
Affections make us select the cognitive processses according to the situation that we are in[2]. “For example, when things go smoothly and we face no hurdles in the pursuit of our goals, we are likely to rely on our pre-existing knowledge structures and routines, which have served us well in the past. Once things go wrong, however, we abandon this reliance on our usual routines and focus on the specifics at hand to determine what went wrong and what can be done about it. Hence, our actions, and the context in which we pursue them, are represented at a greater level of detail when things go wrong than when things go well (see Wegner & Vallacher, 1986).”
“Consistent with these conjectures, being in a negative affective state is associated with a narrowed focus of attention (e.g., Broadbent, 1971; Bruner, Matter, & Papanek, 1955; Easterbrook, 1959) and a higher level of spontaneous causal reasoning (e.g., Bohner, Bless, Schwarz, & Strack, 1988), paralleling the observation that failure to obtain a desired outcome shifts attention to a lower level of abstraction (e.g., Wegner & Vallacher, 1986)[2].”
“Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation[3].”
“the attentional blink has been shown to be modulated by emotional stimuli, as subjects are significantly better at detecting T2 when it is an emotion-laden word (e.g., rape) than when it is a neutral word (Anderson, 2005).[4]”
“Emotional content can change the formation and recollection of a memory event, consistent with findings in both human and animal studies. Compared to neutral items, humans remember better emotionally arousing information, including emotionally charged stories, film clips, pictures, and words[4].”
“The French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal once wrote, ‘The heart has its reasons which reason knows not of.’ This message – that emotion and cognition are separate systems that seldom interact – has a long history in Western philosophy and science. However, the past two decades have seen a remarkable shift in this view as behavioral and neuroscience data have demonstrated that emotion and cognition not only interact, but that their integrative operation is necessary for adaptive functioning[5].”
With my wishes of good will.
Ali R+ SARAL
REFERENCES:
[1] Nasir Naqvi, Baba Shiv, and Antoine Bechara, 2006 Association for Psychological Science , Current Directions in Psychologial Science, “The Role of Emotion in Decision Making, A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective”, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine; Graduate School of Business, Stanford University; and Brain and Creativity Institute, and Department of Psychology, University of SouthernCalifornia
[2] Norbert Schwarz, Situated Cognition and the Wisdom of Feelings: Cognitive Tuning, University of Michigan Manuscript of a chapter in L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (eds.), The wisdom in feeling (pp. 144-166). New York, Guilford Press, 2002
[3] Ali R+ SARAL, The Function of Volition in Providing Consciousness , http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/function-of-volition-in-providing.html
[4] Luiz Pessoa, “Cognition and Emotion”, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognition_and_emotion
[5] Kevin N. Ochsner1 and Elizabeth Phelps, “Emerging perspectives on emotion–cognition interactions”, Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
Affections make us select the cognitive processses according to the situation that we are in[2]. “For example, when things go smoothly and we face no hurdles in the pursuit of our goals, we are likely to rely on our pre-existing knowledge structures and routines, which have served us well in the past. Once things go wrong, however, we abandon this reliance on our usual routines and focus on the specifics at hand to determine what went wrong and what can be done about it. Hence, our actions, and the context in which we pursue them, are represented at a greater level of detail when things go wrong than when things go well (see Wegner & Vallacher, 1986).”
“Consistent with these conjectures, being in a negative affective state is associated with a narrowed focus of attention (e.g., Broadbent, 1971; Bruner, Matter, & Papanek, 1955; Easterbrook, 1959) and a higher level of spontaneous causal reasoning (e.g., Bohner, Bless, Schwarz, & Strack, 1988), paralleling the observation that failure to obtain a desired outcome shifts attention to a lower level of abstraction (e.g., Wegner & Vallacher, 1986)[2].”
“Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation[3].”
“the attentional blink has been shown to be modulated by emotional stimuli, as subjects are significantly better at detecting T2 when it is an emotion-laden word (e.g., rape) than when it is a neutral word (Anderson, 2005).[4]”
“Emotional content can change the formation and recollection of a memory event, consistent with findings in both human and animal studies. Compared to neutral items, humans remember better emotionally arousing information, including emotionally charged stories, film clips, pictures, and words[4].”
“The French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal once wrote, ‘The heart has its reasons which reason knows not of.’ This message – that emotion and cognition are separate systems that seldom interact – has a long history in Western philosophy and science. However, the past two decades have seen a remarkable shift in this view as behavioral and neuroscience data have demonstrated that emotion and cognition not only interact, but that their integrative operation is necessary for adaptive functioning[5].”
With my wishes of good will.
Ali R+ SARAL
REFERENCES:
[1] Nasir Naqvi, Baba Shiv, and Antoine Bechara, 2006 Association for Psychological Science , Current Directions in Psychologial Science, “The Role of Emotion in Decision Making, A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective”, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine; Graduate School of Business, Stanford University; and Brain and Creativity Institute, and Department of Psychology, University of SouthernCalifornia
[2] Norbert Schwarz, Situated Cognition and the Wisdom of Feelings: Cognitive Tuning, University of Michigan Manuscript of a chapter in L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (eds.), The wisdom in feeling (pp. 144-166). New York, Guilford Press, 2002
[3] Ali R+ SARAL, The Function of Volition in Providing Consciousness , http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/function-of-volition-in-providing.html
[4] Luiz Pessoa, “Cognition and Emotion”, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognition_and_emotion
[5] Kevin N. Ochsner1 and Elizabeth Phelps, “Emerging perspectives on emotion–cognition interactions”, Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
23 Nisan 2011 Cumartesi
The Function of Volition in Providing Consciousness
-Love stays vigil through thinking-
Volition is a form of feeling. Consciousness is a higher function which determines the form of cognition.
There are various types of consciousness[2]:
- Reflected
- Pre-reflected
- Others
In the reflective or observing consciousness one is aware of his/her self. One uses the subject ‘I’ in his/her inner talk. One observes what he/she id doing and is aware of it being done by one’s self[4].
In the pre-reflective, non-observing consciousness one is not aware of what he/she is doing. For example one is not aware of how he has driven from home to job. Tasks are done without the observational awareness.
Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation.
Intent and volition limit and direct cognition[3].
Feelings think.
REFERENCES:
[1] Saral, Ali R+, Gözlemci Bilincin Dikkat Hataları:
http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2011/03/gozlemci-bilincin-dikkat-hatalar.html
[2] Saral, Ali R+, Attention Mistakes of the Pre-Reflective Consciousness
http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/attention-mistakes-of-pre-reflective.html
[3] edited by Benjamin Libet, Anthony Freeman and Keith Sutherland.The volitional brain : towards a neuroscience of free will, Thorverton : Imprint Academic, 1999.
[4] Gallagher Shaun, Zaham Dan, The Phenomenological Mind,Routledge, 2009.
Volition is a form of feeling. Consciousness is a higher function which determines the form of cognition.
There are various types of consciousness[2]:
- Reflected
- Pre-reflected
- Others
In the reflective or observing consciousness one is aware of his/her self. One uses the subject ‘I’ in his/her inner talk. One observes what he/she id doing and is aware of it being done by one’s self[4].
In the pre-reflective, non-observing consciousness one is not aware of what he/she is doing. For example one is not aware of how he has driven from home to job. Tasks are done without the observational awareness.
Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation.
Intent and volition limit and direct cognition[3].
Feelings think.
REFERENCES:
[1] Saral, Ali R+, Gözlemci Bilincin Dikkat Hataları:
http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2011/03/gozlemci-bilincin-dikkat-hatalar.html
[2] Saral, Ali R+, Attention Mistakes of the Pre-Reflective Consciousness
http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/attention-mistakes-of-pre-reflective.html
[3] edited by Benjamin Libet, Anthony Freeman and Keith Sutherland.The volitional brain : towards a neuroscience of free will, Thorverton : Imprint Academic, 1999.
[4] Gallagher Shaun, Zaham Dan, The Phenomenological Mind,Routledge, 2009.
1 Nisan 2011 Cuma
Attention Mistakes of the Pre-reflective Consciousness
Pre-reflective consciousness is ‘Gözlemci Bilinç’ or exactly ‘ön-yansıtıcı bilinç’ in Turkish.
Reflective consciousness is ‘yansıtıcı bilinç’.
Reflective consciousness is the consciousness that we use when we talk, think etc. As in saying ‘I have the command’. We are aware of not only doing something but also that it is we(I) that is doing it.
The pre-reflective consciousness deals with only the perception of the task, the necessary response giving and doing the job. As if it is somebody else acting… The reason behind the term pre-reflective is
İn this type of consciousness although a sense of self is missing the task is actually done by that person.
The person feels its existance by performing that task but naming or identifying that being is not the condition. ‘Pre-reflective’ consciousness is a reflection of consciousness from the environment that interacts. This indirect reflection of consciousness from the environment is not ‘reflective’ as in the case of consciousness adrressing itself.
Please note the reference below which you can find from the Library of Congress.
Effortless attention : a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action / edited by Brian Bruya. Cambridge, Mass. : The MIT Press, c2010.
There are other types of consciousnesses or levels of consciousness. Non-conscious or automatic etc.
Sub-conscious processes are a type of non-conscious processes. I will ponder on the how and where to use of these in the future.
In an accident close to the Rhein-Karldap control region in the year 1992 the pilot had entered the height level wrong. There have been many developments and research in many areas since then. In the spot light of these my question is: What may be the reason for attention mistakes during the use of pre-reflective consciousness? What can be done to stop these?
An ATCO has to do many things in a difficult situation, so he uses divided attention. His concentration increases too. This leads to an increase in his thinking speed. The increase in his thinking speed pushes his mind from reflective consciousness to pre-reflective consciousness. The operational conversations moves towards the standard jargon also.
Now the question is, why do mistakes or mishaps, slips happen during the use of pre-reflective consciousness?
1-Overload. Some external reasons make cause attention mistakes.
2-Internal reasons. Affective or self related problems may cause the pre-reflective consciousness fail.
When you say or think ‘I’ or feel a feeling or the worst of it if you feel need for something the pre-reflective consciousness weakens.
3-Motivation. I will ponder on this later. Will and intention are keys in the control of the type of consciousness. A general malaise in volition may cause serious problems in the level of pre-consciousness. I have caused once an interrupt of service to the airplanes in the air during my service at Karlsruhe-Germany ATC area control center and severe lack of motivation was one of the reasons.
Some interesting references:
Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems, John A. Bargh,Department of Psychology, Yale University
Ezequiel Morsella, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco - 2009
Oxford handbook of human action / edited by Ezequiel Morsella, John A. Bargh,Peter M. Gollwitzer. - 2009
Towards a Computational Model of Perception and Action in Human Computer Interaction
Pascal Haazebroek and Bernhard Hommel, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition,Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK The Netherlands - 2009
Reflective consciousness is ‘yansıtıcı bilinç’.
Reflective consciousness is the consciousness that we use when we talk, think etc. As in saying ‘I have the command’. We are aware of not only doing something but also that it is we(I) that is doing it.
The pre-reflective consciousness deals with only the perception of the task, the necessary response giving and doing the job. As if it is somebody else acting… The reason behind the term pre-reflective is
İn this type of consciousness although a sense of self is missing the task is actually done by that person.
The person feels its existance by performing that task but naming or identifying that being is not the condition. ‘Pre-reflective’ consciousness is a reflection of consciousness from the environment that interacts. This indirect reflection of consciousness from the environment is not ‘reflective’ as in the case of consciousness adrressing itself.
Please note the reference below which you can find from the Library of Congress.
Effortless attention : a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action / edited by Brian Bruya. Cambridge, Mass. : The MIT Press, c2010.
There are other types of consciousnesses or levels of consciousness. Non-conscious or automatic etc.
Sub-conscious processes are a type of non-conscious processes. I will ponder on the how and where to use of these in the future.
In an accident close to the Rhein-Karldap control region in the year 1992 the pilot had entered the height level wrong. There have been many developments and research in many areas since then. In the spot light of these my question is: What may be the reason for attention mistakes during the use of pre-reflective consciousness? What can be done to stop these?
An ATCO has to do many things in a difficult situation, so he uses divided attention. His concentration increases too. This leads to an increase in his thinking speed. The increase in his thinking speed pushes his mind from reflective consciousness to pre-reflective consciousness. The operational conversations moves towards the standard jargon also.
Now the question is, why do mistakes or mishaps, slips happen during the use of pre-reflective consciousness?
1-Overload. Some external reasons make cause attention mistakes.
2-Internal reasons. Affective or self related problems may cause the pre-reflective consciousness fail.
When you say or think ‘I’ or feel a feeling or the worst of it if you feel need for something the pre-reflective consciousness weakens.
3-Motivation. I will ponder on this later. Will and intention are keys in the control of the type of consciousness. A general malaise in volition may cause serious problems in the level of pre-consciousness. I have caused once an interrupt of service to the airplanes in the air during my service at Karlsruhe-Germany ATC area control center and severe lack of motivation was one of the reasons.
Some interesting references:
Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems, John A. Bargh,Department of Psychology, Yale University
Ezequiel Morsella, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco - 2009
Oxford handbook of human action / edited by Ezequiel Morsella, John A. Bargh,Peter M. Gollwitzer. - 2009
Towards a Computational Model of Perception and Action in Human Computer Interaction
Pascal Haazebroek and Bernhard Hommel, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition,Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK The Netherlands - 2009
26 Şubat 2011 Cumartesi
Situation Awareness vs Self Awareness
'to exist is, for consciousness, to appear to itself' (Sartre, [1]).
Situation Awareness is the Perception of the elements in the Environment within a Volume of Time and Space, the Comprehension of their Meaning,and the Projection of their Status in the Near Future (Endsley, [2]).
SA is related to medical, safety(fire), defense, energy, transportation, any large systems, that require performance abilities from pilots, captains, drivers, operators or performers.
An airline pilot's SA may include[2]:
Geographic(location of own A/C, airport, cities, way points etc),
spatial(altitude,heading, velocity, flight path etc),
system(A/C status info etc),
environmental(weather, visibility etc.)
Situation Awareness is the result of operator consciousness.
Awareness is the result of the function named consciousness:
Towards a Mathematical Model of Consciousness(http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2010/12/towards-mathmetical-model-of.html)
Awareness = Consciousness( time, subject, context,experience, knowledge, affections, algorithm )
algoritm = Neural Network (previous Consciousnesses())
Situation Awareness is the result of the algorithm used at that moment by the operator in correlation with the context, experience, knowledge and affections.
Namely, situation awareness is determined by the type and character of the consciousness that the operator has at that moment.
There are different types of consciousnesses.
reflective consciousness - self-awareness - feel your own existence while you act
pre-reflective consciousness - unify with the objects, percieve your existence through the objects you interact
unreflected consciousness - autonomous processing
Different operational situations may require different type of consciousness or set of mind.
The operator/performer should not only be aware of the situation he is in but also be aware of the mode of consciousness he has.
Ali R+ SARAL
[1] Sartre-P10,'Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions', 'according to Husserl'.
[2] 2001, Endsley: Training for Situation Awareness
http://www.raes-hfg.com/reports/22may01-SitAssessment/220501-endsley.pdf
[3] 2000, Endsley: Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness-A Critical Review
http://zonecours.hec.ca/documents/A2007-1-1399574.TheoricalUnderpinningsofSituationAwareness_ACriticalReview.pdf
[4] 1996, Endsley, Rogers: ATTENTION DISTRIBUTION AND SITUATION AWARENESS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
http://www.satechnologies.com/Papers/pdf/HFES96-ATC-SA.pdf
Situation Awareness is the Perception of the elements in the Environment within a Volume of Time and Space, the Comprehension of their Meaning,and the Projection of their Status in the Near Future (Endsley, [2]).
SA is related to medical, safety(fire), defense, energy, transportation, any large systems, that require performance abilities from pilots, captains, drivers, operators or performers.
An airline pilot's SA may include[2]:
Geographic(location of own A/C, airport, cities, way points etc),
spatial(altitude,heading, velocity, flight path etc),
system(A/C status info etc),
environmental(weather, visibility etc.)
Situation Awareness is the result of operator consciousness.
Awareness is the result of the function named consciousness:
Towards a Mathematical Model of Consciousness(http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2010/12/towards-mathmetical-model-of.html)
Awareness = Consciousness( time, subject, context,experience, knowledge, affections, algorithm )
algoritm = Neural Network (previous Consciousnesses())
Situation Awareness is the result of the algorithm used at that moment by the operator in correlation with the context, experience, knowledge and affections.
Namely, situation awareness is determined by the type and character of the consciousness that the operator has at that moment.
There are different types of consciousnesses.
reflective consciousness - self-awareness - feel your own existence while you act
pre-reflective consciousness - unify with the objects, percieve your existence through the objects you interact
unreflected consciousness - autonomous processing
Different operational situations may require different type of consciousness or set of mind.
The operator/performer should not only be aware of the situation he is in but also be aware of the mode of consciousness he has.
Ali R+ SARAL
[1] Sartre-P10,'Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions', 'according to Husserl'.
[2] 2001, Endsley: Training for Situation Awareness
http://www.raes-hfg.com/reports/22may01-SitAssessment/220501-endsley.pdf
[3] 2000, Endsley: Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness-A Critical Review
http://zonecours.hec.ca/documents/A2007-1-1399574.TheoricalUnderpinningsofSituationAwareness_ACriticalReview.pdf
[4] 1996, Endsley, Rogers: ATTENTION DISTRIBUTION AND SITUATION AWARENESS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
http://www.satechnologies.com/Papers/pdf/HFES96-ATC-SA.pdf
14 Ocak 2011 Cuma
The Effect of Concentration on Self
When we hold something in our hand we feel its shape, heat, texture, humidity and thoughness.
We feel the same attributes of our hand relative to that object at the same time.
Anything that we percieve with our body makes us percieve our body also.
Everything that we percieve with our body reminds us the self. They nourish the self and makes it stronger.
Any kind of systems operator - from a simple driver to a pilot or air traffic controller, nuclear – thermal energy reactor operator –must control how much they concentrate and which things they divide their attention.
Situation awareness requires the preservation of self at even the most critical moments against full automaticity.
High concentration directed at external things stops the effect of their reflections on the self.
This situation causes the air traffic controller who has just solved a critical route conflict, to forget the other minor cases which still require to be handled.
The controller should use tactile control instruments (driving wheel design etc) or touch things while controlling so that he maintains self through touching. Moving, touching control strips are necessary for the maintanance of controller’s self and hence his viewpoint.
Body neurishes self.
We feel the same attributes of our hand relative to that object at the same time.
Anything that we percieve with our body makes us percieve our body also.
Everything that we percieve with our body reminds us the self. They nourish the self and makes it stronger.
Any kind of systems operator - from a simple driver to a pilot or air traffic controller, nuclear – thermal energy reactor operator –must control how much they concentrate and which things they divide their attention.
Situation awareness requires the preservation of self at even the most critical moments against full automaticity.
High concentration directed at external things stops the effect of their reflections on the self.
This situation causes the air traffic controller who has just solved a critical route conflict, to forget the other minor cases which still require to be handled.
The controller should use tactile control instruments (driving wheel design etc) or touch things while controlling so that he maintains self through touching. Moving, touching control strips are necessary for the maintanance of controller’s self and hence his viewpoint.
Body neurishes self.
Kaydol:
Kayıtlar (Atom)
