14 Ağustos 2011 Pazar
When Symbols Fail
When Symbols Fail
"something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance(merriam-webster)".
A symbol is an abstraction of a thing, a system, a concept, an idea or a belief.
Computer icons, mental models, metaphors, analogies and SYMBOLs all simplify the task of handling the thing they abstract.
Symbol is a small figure, a simple picture when absolute. A simplifying or delegating behaviour, concept, idea when abstract. A head carve tha symbolizes the belief of a woman for example.
A symbol must be very simple to percieve and be able to trigger the abstract or complex thing it signifies.
When symbols fail:
1. When the symbol fails to indicate the true thing it signifies.
El Al cargo plane loses its motor but the captain thinks else because the motor symbol shows OK in the terrible accident at Amsterdam in the past.
2. The symbol oversimplifies or makes things look more simple then they are.
Simple rules that may help to indicate whether you belong to this or that religion may help people to conform easily but the average quality falls and the basic human facts that make religions are forgotten by some. Systems should be difficult to use, difficult enough to bring forth the operators who are mature and who have the aptitude to think in depth when flexibility is needed.
3. Symbols increase design complexity.
Every absraction done in the design adds on the implementation and maintenance work. It is not a virtue to want this or that everything you imagine at the requirements phase. Increased complexity means increased difficulty hence increased risk. It has to be worth.
4. Symbols reduce flexibility both from the point of useability and design creativity.
Introduction of uncertainity at the beginning of a large system provides ample space for later introduction of new elements or redefinition of them, maythis system be a religious belief or a modern fly-by-wire aircraft.
Kind regards.
Ali R+ SARAL
Ora et Labora
20 Temmuz 2011 Çarşamba
The Role of Volition in Emergency Response
The response to an emergency situation may be pressing a brake of a vehicle. Or it may be a complex situation that has to be managed via “Cognitive strategies, such as, tolerating uncertainty, managing workload, planning for contingencies, and self-monitoring (Kontogiannis,1999)”. Emergency response may require the collective effort of a team controlling a dynamic complex system such as an electric or nuclear reactor.
The simplest response of an operator is a well memorized schemata, such as pressing the brake. He does not think about how to press it, this reaction to an emergency is an automatic process. Many drivers do not even remember how they managed to stop and escape from danger in serious accident conditions. They reacted with automatic processes which do not run in the working memory (Baars et al., 2007).
“all mental events are initiated and developed unconsciously. Indeed most mental events are probably completely unconscious(see Velmans, 1991). The chief difference between conscious and unconscious events could be the duration of the processes giving rise to them. If the duration is too brief, the event remains unconscious; it only reaches the awareness level if the duration is sufficiently long (Libet, 2006).”
This means, the faster we do things the more automatic processes we use. When we are doing something if an other thing interferes we try to continue the first job automatically. At first we may continue with attention division, doing two tasks with some attention dedicated to both. If the workload of the second task increases we try to continue the first task with automatic processes, namely using resources out of the working memory.
Automatic processes are fast but not flexible as conscious processes. Pressing the brake is simple, fast and does not require elaboration. Things get more complex when the duration and variety of reactions that make up the emergency response increase. For example, the situation of the road, other cars etc. In any case, a series of automatic processes may have to get mixed with conscious decision etc…
My point of this complete notedepends on:
Emergency response not only requires the execution of automatic processes but also their timely triggering, which has to be automatic.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is done by setting intentions such as : if this happens, do that. There is a condition what to do if that condition is realized. This condition can be anything, time, place, event, feeling… For example, you can teach a child not to cry when she falls down.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is simple teaching, training in the most general sense. More specificly, it is conditioning. You condition the operator, to react specificly under specific conditions.
The problem is: the training cases have to be limited in content and not too complex, because they have to be responded automatically. It is impossible to cover every and each condition that may happen in an emergency case. Automatic processes can not be flexible and adaptive.
Automatic process triggering can be viewed as a specialized memory process. Remembering something requires cues, keys to retrieve data. An automatic process triggering condition is the key to its action. For example, you set the intention that you will remember to buy bread when you come to the corner of your home’s street, then afterwards, you remember it when you come to the corner(Eysenck et al., 1996), provided that your workload and motivation and mental health enables it.
Last but not the least, It is crucial to foster and underpin an other form of volition in regards to this problem:motivation. Motivation supports and sustains every and each cognitive activity. It supports human creativity, serenity, drive anything that may help the operator in trouble. Cognitive flexibility depends on the availability of sufficient motivation.
A due reference to various religious practices may be: fasting which is supposed to be automatic, begins with setting intention. It is done with the first pronoun ‘I’ and using reflective consciousness. It is interesting that human uses self while promising that self is going to abide by the rule when consciously it will not be there…
The beauty of the human mind.
Ali R+ SARAL
Kontogiannis, T. 1999. Training Effective Human Performance in the Management of Stressful Emergencies . COMPUTER SCIENCE, Cognition, Technology & Work, Volume 1, Number 1, 7-24, DOI: 10.1007/s101110050007.
Baars, B. J., Franklin, S. 2007, An architectural model of conscious and unconscious brain functions: Global Workspace Theory and IDA, Elsevier, Neural Networks Journal, Volume 20 Issue 9, November, 2007
Libet, B. 2006, Reflections on the Interaction of Mind and Brain, Elsevier Progress in Neurobiology 78 (2006) 322 – 326.
Eysenck, M. W., Keane M. T. 1996, Cognitive Psychology
The simplest response of an operator is a well memorized schemata, such as pressing the brake. He does not think about how to press it, this reaction to an emergency is an automatic process. Many drivers do not even remember how they managed to stop and escape from danger in serious accident conditions. They reacted with automatic processes which do not run in the working memory (Baars et al., 2007).
“all mental events are initiated and developed unconsciously. Indeed most mental events are probably completely unconscious(see Velmans, 1991). The chief difference between conscious and unconscious events could be the duration of the processes giving rise to them. If the duration is too brief, the event remains unconscious; it only reaches the awareness level if the duration is sufficiently long (Libet, 2006).”
This means, the faster we do things the more automatic processes we use. When we are doing something if an other thing interferes we try to continue the first job automatically. At first we may continue with attention division, doing two tasks with some attention dedicated to both. If the workload of the second task increases we try to continue the first task with automatic processes, namely using resources out of the working memory.
Automatic processes are fast but not flexible as conscious processes. Pressing the brake is simple, fast and does not require elaboration. Things get more complex when the duration and variety of reactions that make up the emergency response increase. For example, the situation of the road, other cars etc. In any case, a series of automatic processes may have to get mixed with conscious decision etc…
My point of this complete notedepends on:
Emergency response not only requires the execution of automatic processes but also their timely triggering, which has to be automatic.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is done by setting intentions such as : if this happens, do that. There is a condition what to do if that condition is realized. This condition can be anything, time, place, event, feeling… For example, you can teach a child not to cry when she falls down.
Automatic triggering of events in the mind is simple teaching, training in the most general sense. More specificly, it is conditioning. You condition the operator, to react specificly under specific conditions.
The problem is: the training cases have to be limited in content and not too complex, because they have to be responded automatically. It is impossible to cover every and each condition that may happen in an emergency case. Automatic processes can not be flexible and adaptive.
Automatic process triggering can be viewed as a specialized memory process. Remembering something requires cues, keys to retrieve data. An automatic process triggering condition is the key to its action. For example, you set the intention that you will remember to buy bread when you come to the corner of your home’s street, then afterwards, you remember it when you come to the corner(Eysenck et al., 1996), provided that your workload and motivation and mental health enables it.
Last but not the least, It is crucial to foster and underpin an other form of volition in regards to this problem:motivation. Motivation supports and sustains every and each cognitive activity. It supports human creativity, serenity, drive anything that may help the operator in trouble. Cognitive flexibility depends on the availability of sufficient motivation.
A due reference to various religious practices may be: fasting which is supposed to be automatic, begins with setting intention. It is done with the first pronoun ‘I’ and using reflective consciousness. It is interesting that human uses self while promising that self is going to abide by the rule when consciously it will not be there…
The beauty of the human mind.
Ali R+ SARAL
Kontogiannis, T. 1999. Training Effective Human Performance in the Management of Stressful Emergencies . COMPUTER SCIENCE, Cognition, Technology & Work, Volume 1, Number 1, 7-24, DOI: 10.1007/s101110050007.
Baars, B. J., Franklin, S. 2007, An architectural model of conscious and unconscious brain functions: Global Workspace Theory and IDA, Elsevier, Neural Networks Journal, Volume 20 Issue 9, November, 2007
Libet, B. 2006, Reflections on the Interaction of Mind and Brain, Elsevier Progress in Neurobiology 78 (2006) 322 – 326.
Eysenck, M. W., Keane M. T. 1996, Cognitive Psychology
29 Mayıs 2011 Pazar
The Role of Affections in Decision Making
“many forms of decision making, especially those that involve a high level of risk and uncertainty, involve biases and emotions that act at an implicit level[1].” Experiences and conditioning that has been acquired in critical conditions may contribute to the repetitive triggering of previous correct decisions due to the feelings felt in the body or affections at the same time.
Affections make us select the cognitive processses according to the situation that we are in[2]. “For example, when things go smoothly and we face no hurdles in the pursuit of our goals, we are likely to rely on our pre-existing knowledge structures and routines, which have served us well in the past. Once things go wrong, however, we abandon this reliance on our usual routines and focus on the specifics at hand to determine what went wrong and what can be done about it. Hence, our actions, and the context in which we pursue them, are represented at a greater level of detail when things go wrong than when things go well (see Wegner & Vallacher, 1986).”
“Consistent with these conjectures, being in a negative affective state is associated with a narrowed focus of attention (e.g., Broadbent, 1971; Bruner, Matter, & Papanek, 1955; Easterbrook, 1959) and a higher level of spontaneous causal reasoning (e.g., Bohner, Bless, Schwarz, & Strack, 1988), paralleling the observation that failure to obtain a desired outcome shifts attention to a lower level of abstraction (e.g., Wegner & Vallacher, 1986)[2].”
“Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation[3].”
“the attentional blink has been shown to be modulated by emotional stimuli, as subjects are significantly better at detecting T2 when it is an emotion-laden word (e.g., rape) than when it is a neutral word (Anderson, 2005).[4]”
“Emotional content can change the formation and recollection of a memory event, consistent with findings in both human and animal studies. Compared to neutral items, humans remember better emotionally arousing information, including emotionally charged stories, film clips, pictures, and words[4].”
“The French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal once wrote, ‘The heart has its reasons which reason knows not of.’ This message – that emotion and cognition are separate systems that seldom interact – has a long history in Western philosophy and science. However, the past two decades have seen a remarkable shift in this view as behavioral and neuroscience data have demonstrated that emotion and cognition not only interact, but that their integrative operation is necessary for adaptive functioning[5].”
With my wishes of good will.
Ali R+ SARAL
REFERENCES:
[1] Nasir Naqvi, Baba Shiv, and Antoine Bechara, 2006 Association for Psychological Science , Current Directions in Psychologial Science, “The Role of Emotion in Decision Making, A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective”, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine; Graduate School of Business, Stanford University; and Brain and Creativity Institute, and Department of Psychology, University of SouthernCalifornia
[2] Norbert Schwarz, Situated Cognition and the Wisdom of Feelings: Cognitive Tuning, University of Michigan Manuscript of a chapter in L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (eds.), The wisdom in feeling (pp. 144-166). New York, Guilford Press, 2002
[3] Ali R+ SARAL, The Function of Volition in Providing Consciousness , http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/function-of-volition-in-providing.html
[4] Luiz Pessoa, “Cognition and Emotion”, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognition_and_emotion
[5] Kevin N. Ochsner1 and Elizabeth Phelps, “Emerging perspectives on emotion–cognition interactions”, Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
Affections make us select the cognitive processses according to the situation that we are in[2]. “For example, when things go smoothly and we face no hurdles in the pursuit of our goals, we are likely to rely on our pre-existing knowledge structures and routines, which have served us well in the past. Once things go wrong, however, we abandon this reliance on our usual routines and focus on the specifics at hand to determine what went wrong and what can be done about it. Hence, our actions, and the context in which we pursue them, are represented at a greater level of detail when things go wrong than when things go well (see Wegner & Vallacher, 1986).”
“Consistent with these conjectures, being in a negative affective state is associated with a narrowed focus of attention (e.g., Broadbent, 1971; Bruner, Matter, & Papanek, 1955; Easterbrook, 1959) and a higher level of spontaneous causal reasoning (e.g., Bohner, Bless, Schwarz, & Strack, 1988), paralleling the observation that failure to obtain a desired outcome shifts attention to a lower level of abstraction (e.g., Wegner & Vallacher, 1986)[2].”
“Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation[3].”
“the attentional blink has been shown to be modulated by emotional stimuli, as subjects are significantly better at detecting T2 when it is an emotion-laden word (e.g., rape) than when it is a neutral word (Anderson, 2005).[4]”
“Emotional content can change the formation and recollection of a memory event, consistent with findings in both human and animal studies. Compared to neutral items, humans remember better emotionally arousing information, including emotionally charged stories, film clips, pictures, and words[4].”
“The French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal once wrote, ‘The heart has its reasons which reason knows not of.’ This message – that emotion and cognition are separate systems that seldom interact – has a long history in Western philosophy and science. However, the past two decades have seen a remarkable shift in this view as behavioral and neuroscience data have demonstrated that emotion and cognition not only interact, but that their integrative operation is necessary for adaptive functioning[5].”
With my wishes of good will.
Ali R+ SARAL
REFERENCES:
[1] Nasir Naqvi, Baba Shiv, and Antoine Bechara, 2006 Association for Psychological Science , Current Directions in Psychologial Science, “The Role of Emotion in Decision Making, A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective”, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine; Graduate School of Business, Stanford University; and Brain and Creativity Institute, and Department of Psychology, University of SouthernCalifornia
[2] Norbert Schwarz, Situated Cognition and the Wisdom of Feelings: Cognitive Tuning, University of Michigan Manuscript of a chapter in L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (eds.), The wisdom in feeling (pp. 144-166). New York, Guilford Press, 2002
[3] Ali R+ SARAL, The Function of Volition in Providing Consciousness , http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/function-of-volition-in-providing.html
[4] Luiz Pessoa, “Cognition and Emotion”, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognition_and_emotion
[5] Kevin N. Ochsner1 and Elizabeth Phelps, “Emerging perspectives on emotion–cognition interactions”, Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
23 Nisan 2011 Cumartesi
The Function of Volition in Providing Consciousness
-Love stays vigil through thinking-
Volition is a form of feeling. Consciousness is a higher function which determines the form of cognition.
There are various types of consciousness[2]:
- Reflected
- Pre-reflected
- Others
In the reflective or observing consciousness one is aware of his/her self. One uses the subject ‘I’ in his/her inner talk. One observes what he/she id doing and is aware of it being done by one’s self[4].
In the pre-reflective, non-observing consciousness one is not aware of what he/she is doing. For example one is not aware of how he has driven from home to job. Tasks are done without the observational awareness.
Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation.
Intent and volition limit and direct cognition[3].
Feelings think.
REFERENCES:
[1] Saral, Ali R+, Gözlemci Bilincin Dikkat Hataları:
http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2011/03/gozlemci-bilincin-dikkat-hatalar.html
[2] Saral, Ali R+, Attention Mistakes of the Pre-Reflective Consciousness
http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/attention-mistakes-of-pre-reflective.html
[3] edited by Benjamin Libet, Anthony Freeman and Keith Sutherland.The volitional brain : towards a neuroscience of free will, Thorverton : Imprint Academic, 1999.
[4] Gallagher Shaun, Zaham Dan, The Phenomenological Mind,Routledge, 2009.
Volition is a form of feeling. Consciousness is a higher function which determines the form of cognition.
There are various types of consciousness[2]:
- Reflected
- Pre-reflected
- Others
In the reflective or observing consciousness one is aware of his/her self. One uses the subject ‘I’ in his/her inner talk. One observes what he/she id doing and is aware of it being done by one’s self[4].
In the pre-reflective, non-observing consciousness one is not aware of what he/she is doing. For example one is not aware of how he has driven from home to job. Tasks are done without the observational awareness.
Intention is a form of volition. Intention depends on the condition based on time, place, event or other. Intention mechanism can be vitally important to exit or in being unable to exit pre-reflective consciousness in the cases of emrgency or contemplation.
Intent and volition limit and direct cognition[3].
Feelings think.
REFERENCES:
[1] Saral, Ali R+, Gözlemci Bilincin Dikkat Hataları:
http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2011/03/gozlemci-bilincin-dikkat-hatalar.html
[2] Saral, Ali R+, Attention Mistakes of the Pre-Reflective Consciousness
http://largesystems-atc-en.blogspot.com/2011/04/attention-mistakes-of-pre-reflective.html
[3] edited by Benjamin Libet, Anthony Freeman and Keith Sutherland.The volitional brain : towards a neuroscience of free will, Thorverton : Imprint Academic, 1999.
[4] Gallagher Shaun, Zaham Dan, The Phenomenological Mind,Routledge, 2009.
1 Nisan 2011 Cuma
Attention Mistakes of the Pre-reflective Consciousness
Pre-reflective consciousness is ‘Gözlemci Bilinç’ or exactly ‘ön-yansıtıcı bilinç’ in Turkish.
Reflective consciousness is ‘yansıtıcı bilinç’.
Reflective consciousness is the consciousness that we use when we talk, think etc. As in saying ‘I have the command’. We are aware of not only doing something but also that it is we(I) that is doing it.
The pre-reflective consciousness deals with only the perception of the task, the necessary response giving and doing the job. As if it is somebody else acting… The reason behind the term pre-reflective is
İn this type of consciousness although a sense of self is missing the task is actually done by that person.
The person feels its existance by performing that task but naming or identifying that being is not the condition. ‘Pre-reflective’ consciousness is a reflection of consciousness from the environment that interacts. This indirect reflection of consciousness from the environment is not ‘reflective’ as in the case of consciousness adrressing itself.
Please note the reference below which you can find from the Library of Congress.
Effortless attention : a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action / edited by Brian Bruya. Cambridge, Mass. : The MIT Press, c2010.
There are other types of consciousnesses or levels of consciousness. Non-conscious or automatic etc.
Sub-conscious processes are a type of non-conscious processes. I will ponder on the how and where to use of these in the future.
In an accident close to the Rhein-Karldap control region in the year 1992 the pilot had entered the height level wrong. There have been many developments and research in many areas since then. In the spot light of these my question is: What may be the reason for attention mistakes during the use of pre-reflective consciousness? What can be done to stop these?
An ATCO has to do many things in a difficult situation, so he uses divided attention. His concentration increases too. This leads to an increase in his thinking speed. The increase in his thinking speed pushes his mind from reflective consciousness to pre-reflective consciousness. The operational conversations moves towards the standard jargon also.
Now the question is, why do mistakes or mishaps, slips happen during the use of pre-reflective consciousness?
1-Overload. Some external reasons make cause attention mistakes.
2-Internal reasons. Affective or self related problems may cause the pre-reflective consciousness fail.
When you say or think ‘I’ or feel a feeling or the worst of it if you feel need for something the pre-reflective consciousness weakens.
3-Motivation. I will ponder on this later. Will and intention are keys in the control of the type of consciousness. A general malaise in volition may cause serious problems in the level of pre-consciousness. I have caused once an interrupt of service to the airplanes in the air during my service at Karlsruhe-Germany ATC area control center and severe lack of motivation was one of the reasons.
Some interesting references:
Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems, John A. Bargh,Department of Psychology, Yale University
Ezequiel Morsella, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco - 2009
Oxford handbook of human action / edited by Ezequiel Morsella, John A. Bargh,Peter M. Gollwitzer. - 2009
Towards a Computational Model of Perception and Action in Human Computer Interaction
Pascal Haazebroek and Bernhard Hommel, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition,Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK The Netherlands - 2009
Reflective consciousness is ‘yansıtıcı bilinç’.
Reflective consciousness is the consciousness that we use when we talk, think etc. As in saying ‘I have the command’. We are aware of not only doing something but also that it is we(I) that is doing it.
The pre-reflective consciousness deals with only the perception of the task, the necessary response giving and doing the job. As if it is somebody else acting… The reason behind the term pre-reflective is
İn this type of consciousness although a sense of self is missing the task is actually done by that person.
The person feels its existance by performing that task but naming or identifying that being is not the condition. ‘Pre-reflective’ consciousness is a reflection of consciousness from the environment that interacts. This indirect reflection of consciousness from the environment is not ‘reflective’ as in the case of consciousness adrressing itself.
Please note the reference below which you can find from the Library of Congress.
Effortless attention : a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action / edited by Brian Bruya. Cambridge, Mass. : The MIT Press, c2010.
There are other types of consciousnesses or levels of consciousness. Non-conscious or automatic etc.
Sub-conscious processes are a type of non-conscious processes. I will ponder on the how and where to use of these in the future.
In an accident close to the Rhein-Karldap control region in the year 1992 the pilot had entered the height level wrong. There have been many developments and research in many areas since then. In the spot light of these my question is: What may be the reason for attention mistakes during the use of pre-reflective consciousness? What can be done to stop these?
An ATCO has to do many things in a difficult situation, so he uses divided attention. His concentration increases too. This leads to an increase in his thinking speed. The increase in his thinking speed pushes his mind from reflective consciousness to pre-reflective consciousness. The operational conversations moves towards the standard jargon also.
Now the question is, why do mistakes or mishaps, slips happen during the use of pre-reflective consciousness?
1-Overload. Some external reasons make cause attention mistakes.
2-Internal reasons. Affective or self related problems may cause the pre-reflective consciousness fail.
When you say or think ‘I’ or feel a feeling or the worst of it if you feel need for something the pre-reflective consciousness weakens.
3-Motivation. I will ponder on this later. Will and intention are keys in the control of the type of consciousness. A general malaise in volition may cause serious problems in the level of pre-consciousness. I have caused once an interrupt of service to the airplanes in the air during my service at Karlsruhe-Germany ATC area control center and severe lack of motivation was one of the reasons.
Some interesting references:
Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems, John A. Bargh,Department of Psychology, Yale University
Ezequiel Morsella, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco - 2009
Oxford handbook of human action / edited by Ezequiel Morsella, John A. Bargh,Peter M. Gollwitzer. - 2009
Towards a Computational Model of Perception and Action in Human Computer Interaction
Pascal Haazebroek and Bernhard Hommel, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition,Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK The Netherlands - 2009
26 Şubat 2011 Cumartesi
Situation Awareness vs Self Awareness
'to exist is, for consciousness, to appear to itself' (Sartre, [1]).
Situation Awareness is the Perception of the elements in the Environment within a Volume of Time and Space, the Comprehension of their Meaning,and the Projection of their Status in the Near Future (Endsley, [2]).
SA is related to medical, safety(fire), defense, energy, transportation, any large systems, that require performance abilities from pilots, captains, drivers, operators or performers.
An airline pilot's SA may include[2]:
Geographic(location of own A/C, airport, cities, way points etc),
spatial(altitude,heading, velocity, flight path etc),
system(A/C status info etc),
environmental(weather, visibility etc.)
Situation Awareness is the result of operator consciousness.
Awareness is the result of the function named consciousness:
Towards a Mathematical Model of Consciousness(http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2010/12/towards-mathmetical-model-of.html)
Awareness = Consciousness( time, subject, context,experience, knowledge, affections, algorithm )
algoritm = Neural Network (previous Consciousnesses())
Situation Awareness is the result of the algorithm used at that moment by the operator in correlation with the context, experience, knowledge and affections.
Namely, situation awareness is determined by the type and character of the consciousness that the operator has at that moment.
There are different types of consciousnesses.
reflective consciousness - self-awareness - feel your own existence while you act
pre-reflective consciousness - unify with the objects, percieve your existence through the objects you interact
unreflected consciousness - autonomous processing
Different operational situations may require different type of consciousness or set of mind.
The operator/performer should not only be aware of the situation he is in but also be aware of the mode of consciousness he has.
Ali R+ SARAL
[1] Sartre-P10,'Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions', 'according to Husserl'.
[2] 2001, Endsley: Training for Situation Awareness
http://www.raes-hfg.com/reports/22may01-SitAssessment/220501-endsley.pdf
[3] 2000, Endsley: Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness-A Critical Review
http://zonecours.hec.ca/documents/A2007-1-1399574.TheoricalUnderpinningsofSituationAwareness_ACriticalReview.pdf
[4] 1996, Endsley, Rogers: ATTENTION DISTRIBUTION AND SITUATION AWARENESS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
http://www.satechnologies.com/Papers/pdf/HFES96-ATC-SA.pdf
Situation Awareness is the Perception of the elements in the Environment within a Volume of Time and Space, the Comprehension of their Meaning,and the Projection of their Status in the Near Future (Endsley, [2]).
SA is related to medical, safety(fire), defense, energy, transportation, any large systems, that require performance abilities from pilots, captains, drivers, operators or performers.
An airline pilot's SA may include[2]:
Geographic(location of own A/C, airport, cities, way points etc),
spatial(altitude,heading, velocity, flight path etc),
system(A/C status info etc),
environmental(weather, visibility etc.)
Situation Awareness is the result of operator consciousness.
Awareness is the result of the function named consciousness:
Towards a Mathematical Model of Consciousness(http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2010/12/towards-mathmetical-model-of.html)
Awareness = Consciousness( time, subject, context,experience, knowledge, affections, algorithm )
algoritm = Neural Network (previous Consciousnesses())
Situation Awareness is the result of the algorithm used at that moment by the operator in correlation with the context, experience, knowledge and affections.
Namely, situation awareness is determined by the type and character of the consciousness that the operator has at that moment.
There are different types of consciousnesses.
reflective consciousness - self-awareness - feel your own existence while you act
pre-reflective consciousness - unify with the objects, percieve your existence through the objects you interact
unreflected consciousness - autonomous processing
Different operational situations may require different type of consciousness or set of mind.
The operator/performer should not only be aware of the situation he is in but also be aware of the mode of consciousness he has.
Ali R+ SARAL
[1] Sartre-P10,'Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions', 'according to Husserl'.
[2] 2001, Endsley: Training for Situation Awareness
http://www.raes-hfg.com/reports/22may01-SitAssessment/220501-endsley.pdf
[3] 2000, Endsley: Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness-A Critical Review
http://zonecours.hec.ca/documents/A2007-1-1399574.TheoricalUnderpinningsofSituationAwareness_ACriticalReview.pdf
[4] 1996, Endsley, Rogers: ATTENTION DISTRIBUTION AND SITUATION AWARENESS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
http://www.satechnologies.com/Papers/pdf/HFES96-ATC-SA.pdf
14 Ocak 2011 Cuma
The Effect of Concentration on Self
When we hold something in our hand we feel its shape, heat, texture, humidity and thoughness.
We feel the same attributes of our hand relative to that object at the same time.
Anything that we percieve with our body makes us percieve our body also.
Everything that we percieve with our body reminds us the self. They nourish the self and makes it stronger.
Any kind of systems operator - from a simple driver to a pilot or air traffic controller, nuclear – thermal energy reactor operator –must control how much they concentrate and which things they divide their attention.
Situation awareness requires the preservation of self at even the most critical moments against full automaticity.
High concentration directed at external things stops the effect of their reflections on the self.
This situation causes the air traffic controller who has just solved a critical route conflict, to forget the other minor cases which still require to be handled.
The controller should use tactile control instruments (driving wheel design etc) or touch things while controlling so that he maintains self through touching. Moving, touching control strips are necessary for the maintanance of controller’s self and hence his viewpoint.
Body neurishes self.
We feel the same attributes of our hand relative to that object at the same time.
Anything that we percieve with our body makes us percieve our body also.
Everything that we percieve with our body reminds us the self. They nourish the self and makes it stronger.
Any kind of systems operator - from a simple driver to a pilot or air traffic controller, nuclear – thermal energy reactor operator –must control how much they concentrate and which things they divide their attention.
Situation awareness requires the preservation of self at even the most critical moments against full automaticity.
High concentration directed at external things stops the effect of their reflections on the self.
This situation causes the air traffic controller who has just solved a critical route conflict, to forget the other minor cases which still require to be handled.
The controller should use tactile control instruments (driving wheel design etc) or touch things while controlling so that he maintains self through touching. Moving, touching control strips are necessary for the maintanance of controller’s self and hence his viewpoint.
Body neurishes self.
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